A+View+of+the+Cell


 * Identify parts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 * Recognize the structure and role of the plasma membrane
 * Find relations between structure of cell parts and function

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[|Animal Cell]
[|**Plant Cell**] [|**Cell STructure**] [|**Animal vs. Plant Cells**] [|**Cell Animations**] [|**Cellular Concepts**] [|**Inside a Cell**] [|**Through the Virtual Cell**] [|**A Fun Cell Animation**] [|Parts of a Plant Cell]

Section 1 Vocabulary for this Section:
 * [|Cell theory:] 1) all organisms are made of one or more cell 2) all cells come from preexisting cells 3) cells are the basic unit of organization and structure in an organism
 * [|Cell:] the basic building block of all living things.
 * [|Compound light microscope:] microscope that uses light and a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps. It can magnify up to 1500X
 * **[|Electron microscope:]** microscope that uses a beam of electrons to magnify objects up to 500,000X; Used to view structure within cells.
 * [|Eukaryote:] an organism which contains eukaryotic cells. ( Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, and membrane-bound organelles.)
 * [|Nucleus:] The central organelle that contains genetic information.
 * [|Organelle:] A membrane-bound structure with a function, in a cell.
 * [|Prokaryote]: an organism made of one prokaryotic cell, ( a cell that lacks internal membrane-bound structures.)

The advances in microscope technology have greatly aided the study of cells. The Compound light microscope (a microscope that uses light and a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps) and the electron microscope (a microscope that uses a beam of electrons to magnify objects) Allow us to look at objects anywhere from 1500 to 500,000 times their normal size. Because of these technologies, scientists have been able to view structure within cells. They are further able to study the functions of the organelles within the cells. A scientist name Theodore Schwann made many observations about cells, and came up with what is now considered the Cell Theory. The Cell Theory states three facts that have so far been proven to be true: //1) all organisms are made of one or more cell 2) all cells come from preexisting cells 3) cells are the basic unit of organization and structure in an organism.//
 * Microscopes and Cell Discoveries**

Two basic differences were established between cells. They are either prokaryotic (also referred to as prokaryotes) or they are eukaryotic cells (or eukaryotes). The difference between the two is that eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not. Membrane-bound organelles are just the different organs inside a cell, with particular functions, that are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
 * Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells**


 * Section Quiz:**
 * 1) How does an electron microscope work?
 * 2) What are the two basic types of cells, and what is the difference between the types?
 * 3) What is the Cell Theory and who came up with it?

Section 2
 * Vocabulary for this Section:**
 * **Fluid mosaic model:** a model of a plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways, within a lipid bilayer.
 * **[|Phospholipid]**: a lipid with an attached phosphate group.
 * [|Plasma membrane] a flexible boundary between a cell and its environment, and it allows water and nutrients to enter the cell, and waste to exit it.
 * **[|Selective permeability]**: a feature of the plasma membrane that allows some molecules to come in through the cell, while keeping others out.
 * **[|Transport protein:]** proteins on the plasma membrane that regulate which molecules enter and exit the cell.

The layer on the outside of all cells is called the plasma membrane. This membrane is extremely important to the cell. It acts as an insulator- similar to the walls on the outside of a house- and it controls what things enter and exit the cell-much like the windows and doors in a house. The plasma membrane is selectively-permeable. That means that it lets some things in, while keeping others out. It can be compared to a screen on a window. The screen allows fresh air to enter the house, but it keeps big bugs out. The plasma membrane is composed of a Phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. A diagram of the plasma membrane is called the fluid mosaic model. The plasma membrane also contains transport proteins, which helps in getting nutrients in and waste out of the cell. The fatty acids in a phospholipid molecule make the tail of the molecule non-polar, while the phosphate group makes the head of the molecule polar. This facilitates the cells interaction with water.
 * The Plasma Membrane**


 * Section Quiz:**
 * 1) Is a phospholipid polar or non-polar? What makes it like that?
 * 2) What are transport proteins?
 * 3) How is the plasma membrane important to a cell?

Section 3 All the organelles have their own special function in the cell. They relate to each other in the way that if one stops working, it will eventually affect the whole cell. The different functions help run the cell. The different organelles are similar to workers in an assembly line. Each worker has a special job to do that aids in the finishing of a product. Each organelle has a role that allows the cell to live and function. See above for diagrams of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotes. However, they do differ from each other in a few ways. A plant cell has a cell wall, a larger vacuole than an animal cell, and chloroplast (they are essential for photosynthesis).
 * Vocabulary for this Section:**
 * **[|Cell Wall]** a fairly rigid structure around the plasma membrane of plants cells.
 * **[|Chlorophyll]** a light-absorbing pigment in plants that is required for photosynthesis. It does not absorb the color green.
 * **[|cloroplast]**: an organelle that contains chlorophyll, which converts light energy into chemical energy.
 * **[|Chromatin]** long strands of DNA in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
 * [|Cilia] hair-like projections on the outside of a cell.
 * **[|Cytoplasm:]** clear, gelatinous fluid in cells, which is the site for chemical reactions; also holds organelles in place.
 * **[|Cytoskelons]**:Cyto the cellular framework inside the cytoplasm
 * [|Endoplasmic Reticulum]an organelle in a eukaryotic cell, which can be rough or smooth. Also the site of chemical reactions.
 * **[|Flagella:]** long projections, found on some cell’s surfaces, which help the cell move.
 * **[|Golgi apparatus:]** an organelle in a eukaryotic cell that sorts proteins and sends them to their right destination.
 * **[|Lysosomes]** an organelle that digests parts of the cell.
 * **[|Microfilament:]** made of solid protein fibers, provides support for eukaryotic cells.
 * Microtubule: thin hollow cylindrical proteins that provides structural support for the cells.
 * **[|mitochondria]**: an organelle that turns food into energy.
 * **[|Nucleolus]**: an organelle that produces ribosomes.
 * **[|Plastid:]** a group of plant organelles that store starches, lipids, or pigments.
 * **[|Ribosome]** an organelle that assembles proteins.
 * **[|Vacuole:]** an organelle that temporarily stores things.
 * Cell Parts and their Functions:**
 * Cell Part || Function || Prokaryotic Cell || Eukaryotic Cell ||
 * Plasma Membrane || Maintains homeostasis || Present || Present ||
 * Cell Wall || Supports and protects cell || Present || Present in some (including plants) ||
 * Ribosome || Makes proteins || Present || Present ||
 * Chloroplast || Produces food || Absent || Present in plants ||
 * Cytoskeleton || Provides internal structure || Absent || Present ||
 * Endoplasmic Reticulum || Chemical reactions || Absent || Present ||
 * Golgi Apparatus || Sorts and transports || Absent || Present ||
 * Mitochondrion || Transforms energy || Absent || Present ||
 * Nucleus || Cell Control Center; Contains DNA || Absent || Present ||
 * Vacuole || Storage || Absent || Present ||

1. Name at least 2 differences between plant and animal cells. 2. Name three organelles and give their function. 3. How does the function of the vacuole and the function of the golgi apparatus relate to each other?
 * Section Quiz:**

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